The United States Supreme Court has agreed to decide the constitutionality of so-called "geofence warrants", which require Google to search hundreds of millions of users to identify devices near the scene of the crime. The Court granted certiorari in Chatrie v. United States, No. 25-112, 2026 WL 120676, (U.S. Jan. 16, 2025), the first constitutional challenge to a geofence warrant in the country, litigated by NACDL's Fourth Amendement Center since 2019. A Virginia district court initially found the warrant unconstitutional but found that law enforcement had relied on the warrant in good faith and declined to suppress the evidence. United States v. Chatrie, 590 F. Supp. 3d 901 (E.D. Va. 2022). The Fourth Circuit, sitting en banc, affirmed the district court's decision in a single-sentence per curium opinon, followed by nine concurrences and dissents, totallying 126 pages. United States v. Chatrie, 2025 WL 1242063 (4th Cir. Apr. 30, 2025).
The Fourth Amendment Center is arguing that geofence warrants are unconstitutional general warrants issues without identifying a particular suspect, searching the data of millions of peopel without casue and with too much police discretion.
Supreme Court of the United States
4th Circuit Court of Appeals
4th Circuit Panel
4th Circuit En Banc
- Petition for Rehearing En Banc
- Amicus Briefs
- En Banc Decision
Eastern District of Virginia
- Google Affidavits Responding to Subpoena
- Geofence Warrant
- Geofence Discovery Motion
- Motion to Suppress Geofence Warrant (ECF 29)
- Defendants Reply to Motion to Suppress
- Amicus Brief by Google in Support of Neither Party
- Motion to Seal Raw Data Returns Provided by Google
- Defendant's Response to Google's Amicus Brief
- Motion for Suppoena Duces Tecum
- Order Granting Subpoena to Google
- Supplemental Brief on the Application of Brady and Rule 16 to a Suppression Hearing
- Defendant's Response to Government's Supplemental Brief
- Supplemental Motion to Suppress
- Second Subpoena Duces Tecum Pursuant to Rule 17
- Supplemental Response Regarding Standing
- Post-Hearing Supplemental Motion to Supress
- Post- Hearing Reply to Government's Response in Opposition to Motion to Suppress
- March 4th, 2022 Transcript
- March 5th, 2022 Transcript
- Eastern Distict of Virginia Ruling
